Kata
Katolik berasal dari kata sifat
bahasa Yunani,
καθολικός (
katholikos), artinya "universal".
[1] Dalam konteks
eklesiologi Kristen, kata Katolik memiliki sejarah yang kaya sekaligus beberapa makna. Bagi sebagian pihak, istilah "
Gereja Katolik" bermakna Gereja yang berada dalam
persekutuan penuh dengan
Uskup Roma, terdiri atas
Ritus Latin dan 22
Gereja Katolik Timur; makna inilah yang umum dipahami di banyak negara. Bagi
umat Protestan, "
Gereja Katolik" atau yang sering diterjemahkan menjadi "Gereja Am" bermakna segenap orang yang percaya kepada
Yesus Kristus di seluruh dunia dan sepanjang masa, tanpa memandang "
denominasi". Umat
Gereja Ortodoks Timur,
Gereja Anglikan,
Gereja Lutheran dan beberapa
Gereja Metodis percaya bahwa Gereja-Gereja mereka adalah katolik, dalam arti merupakan kesinambungan dari Gereja universal mula-mula yang didirikan oleh
para rasul. Baik Gereja Katolik Roma maupun Gereja Ortodoks percaya bahwa
Gerejanya masing-masing adalah satu-satunya Gereja yang asli dan universal. Dalam "Kekristenan Katolik" (Termasuk Komuni Anglikan), para uskup dipandang sebagai pejabat tertinggi dalam agama Kristen, sebagai gembala-gembala keesaan dalam persekutuan dengan segenap Gereja dan dalam persekutuan satu sama lain.
[2] Katolik dianggap sebagai salah satu dari
Empat Ciri Gereja. Ketiga ciri lainnya adalah Satu, Kudus, dan Apostolik,
[3] sesuai
Kredo Nicea tahun 381: "Aku percaya akan Gereja yang satu, kudus, katolik, dan apostolik."
The word
catholic (derived via
Late Latin catholicus, from the
Greek adjective
καθολικός (
katholikos), meaning "universal"
[1][2]) comes from the Greek phrase
καθόλου (
kath'holou), meaning "on the whole," "according to the whole" or "in general", and is a combination of the Greek words
κατά meaning "about" and
όλος meaning "whole".
[3][4] The word in English can mean either "including a wide variety of things; all-embracing" or "of the Roman Catholic faith." as "relating to the historic doctrine and practice of the
Western Church."
[5]
It was first used to describe the Christian Church in the early 2nd century to emphasize its
universal scope. In the context of
Christian ecclesiology, it has a rich history and several usages. In non-ecclesiastical use, it derives its English meaning directly from its root, and is currently used to mean
- universal or of general interest; or
- liberal, having broad interests, or wide sympathies.[6]
- inclusive, inviting and containing strong evangelism.
The term has been incorporated into the name of the largest Christian communion, the
Catholic Church, which consists of 23 churches
sui iuris, in
full communion with the
Bishop of
Rome. The largest of these, the
Latin Rite, consists of nearly 95% of the population of the
Catholic Church. The remaining 5% consist of the 22
Eastern Catholic Churches.
Many
Protestants sometimes use the term "
catholic" (with a lower-case letter c) to refer not to the Catholic Church alone, but rather more broadly to the
Christian Church and all believers in
Jesus Christ across the world and across the ages, regardless of denominational affiliation.
[7] [8] Generally, to avoid confusion between this concept and the
Catholic Church, above, theologians (in English) will refer to the latter as the Church catholic, utilizing the lower-case.
The
Eastern Orthodox,
Oriental Orthodox,
Anglicans,
Lutherans and some
Methodists believe that their churches are catholic in the sense that they are in continuity with the original universal church founded by the Apostles. The Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches all believe that their
church is the only original and universal church. In "Catholic Christendom" (including the Anglican Communion), bishops are considered the highest order of ministers within the Christian religion, as shepherds of unity in communion with the whole church and one another.
[9] Catholicity is considered one of
Four Marks of the Church, the others being
unity,
sanctity, and
apostolicity.
[10] according to the
Nicene Creed of 381: "I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church."
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